Fig. 3

Adapted from Sabbagh et al. [55]. B Demonstrates the use of a static 3D printed mitral replica for sizing the guide catheter curve within the left ventricular cavity in a patient undergoing direct percutaneous annuloplasty using the Mitralign system. Adapted from Dankowski et al. [52]. C demonstrates an implanted LOTUS TAVI prosthesis within a 3D printed patient-specific mitral replica which was used to aid procedural planning for transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation. Adapted from Ren et al. [54]