Fig. 8
From: Three-dimensional printing in modelling mitral valve interventions
Adapted from Engelhardt et al. [77]
Static 3D printed mitral replicas are sufficiently versatile to be integrated with other disruptive technologies such as machine learning and extended realities. Generative adversarial networks (GAN)—a form of machine learning- were used to map patterns learned from intra-operative video sequences in endoscopic mitral valve repair onto the video stream captured during training on non-dynamic mitral surgical simulator using silicone mitral replicas to provide a hyper-realistic training experience.