Table 2 An overview of mechanical properties of common print materials and native cardiac tissue
From: Three-dimensional printing in modelling mitral valve interventions
Material** | Print method | Elastic modulus (MPa) | Shore hardness | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TPU | FDM | 26 | 95 (Scale A) |  +  |
PLA | FDM | 3000–4000 | 83 (Shore D) |  +  |
ABS | FDM | 2200 | 76 (Shore D) |  +  |
VeroWhite | PolyJet | 2000–3000 | 83–86 (Shore D) |  +  +  |
TangoPlus FLX973 | PolyJet | 1.8–2.4 | 6–62 (Shore A) |  +  +  +  |
Agilus Black | PolyJet | 2.4–3.1 | 30–35 (Shore A) |  +  +  +  |
EcoFlex 00–30 | Injection moulding on 3D printed model | 1.4 | 00–30 |  +  |
MoldStar 15 | Injection moulding on 3D printed model | 2.7 | 15 (Shore A) |  +  |
Native valves | – | 1.0–1.3 | – | – |
Heart muscle | – | 0.08 | – | – |