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Table 2 Conventional echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular morphology and function

From: Effect of maximum exercise on left ventricular deformation and its correlation with cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in competitive athletes

Mean values ± SD

Handball players

(Semi-recumbent ergometer)

Football players

(Treadmill)

At rest

After CPET

P value

At rest

After CPET

P value

IVSD (mm)

9.9 ± 0.9

10.5 ± 1.1

0.073

9.8 ± 1.8

10.8 ± 1.5

0.009*

PWD (mm)

9.7 ± 1.9

10.0 ± 1.0

0.301

9.4 ± 1.9

9.8 ± 2.5

0.494

LVEDD (mm)

57.5 ± 3.8

54.5 ± 3.5

0.001*

57.5 ± 4.2

53.4 ± 4.1

< 0.001*

LVESD (mm)

35.0 ± 3.3

34.1 ± 3.4

0.359

36.4 ± 4.8

34.5 ± 3.9

0.048*

LVL (mm)

92.9 ± 5.7

91.1 ± 7.5

0.404

91.3 ± 5.6

88.0 ± 5.6

0.0194*

LVM (g)

215.1 ± 39.7

215.0 ± 39.5

0.993

219.4 ± 55.9

221.0 ± 43.0

0.873

LVMI (g/m2)

62.1 ± 3.6

63.1 ± 7.4

0.349

101.4 ± 22.6

110.8 ± 20.3

0.059

RWT

0.32 ± 0.06

0.37 ± 0.04

< 0.001*

0.32 ± 0.07

0.39 ± 0.07

< 0.001*

LVEDV (ml)

162.9 ± 23.5

145.2 ± 20.9

0.010*

164.8 ± 26.8

138.6 ± 24.1

< 0.001*

LVESV (ml)

51.2 ± 11.5

48.5 ± 11.2

0.402

57.5 ± 17.7

50.0 ± 12.7

0.019*

LVSV (ml)

111.7 ± 16.3

96.7 ± 16.4

0.006*

107.3 ± 15.3

88.6 ± 15.0

< 0.001*

EF (%)

68.6 ± 4.4

66.6 ± 6.0

0.089

65.8 ± 6.9

64.3 ± 5.6

0.258

CI (l/m2)

3.1 ± 0.7

3.9 ± 0.8

< 0.001*

3.1 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.8

< 0.001*

GLS (%)

− 18.8 ± 1.6

− 18.1 ± 1.7

0.079

− 18.3 ± 1.7

− 17.7 ± 1.6

0.119

GWI (mmHg%)

1837.7 ± 316.0

1974.7 ± 222.6

0.197

1899.3 ± 280.7

1963.5 ± 370.0

0.461

  1. *Statistically significant (p < 0.05). SD: standard deviation; IVSD: Interventricular septum diameter; PWD: Posterior wall diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVL: left ventricular length; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMi: LVM index; RWT: relative wall thickness; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVSV: left ventricular stroke volume; EF: ejection fraction; CI: cardiac index; GLS: global longitudinal strain; GWI: Global myocardial work index