Table 1 Echocardiographic measurements acquired. Adapted from [20, 21]
From: Right ventricular assessment of the adolescent footballer’s heart
Measurements | Explanatory note | Image |
|---|---|---|
Right ventricular outflow tract parasternal long axis view (RVOTP) | Proximal region of the RVOT in PLAX view. Interventricular septum to anterior RV free wall measured in end diastole |  |
Right ventricular outflow tract short axis view | RVOT-1: Perpendicular to the central point of aortic valve closure line to the endocardial border measured in end diastole RVOT-2: Measurement made just below the pulmonary valve annulus, inner border to inner border measured in end diastole |  |
RV Dimensions (RVD1, RVD2, RVD3) | All measurements taken at end diastole RVD1: Basal RV diameter. Measured at the maximal transverse diameter in the basal one third of the RV RVD2: Mid RV diameter measured at the level of the LV papillary muscles RVD3: RV length (from the plane of the tricuspid annulus to the RV apex) |  |
Right atrial area | Measure at end ventricular systole on the frame just prior to tricuspid valve opening. Trace the RA from the plane of the TV annulus along the IAS, superior and lateral walls of RA |  |
Fractional Area Change (FAC) | Manual tracing of the RV endocardial border from the lateral tricuspid annulus along the free wall to the apex and back along the interventricular septum to medial tricuspid valve annulus at end diastole and end systole FAC = (RVAd−RVAs)/RVAd |  |
RV pulsed tissue Doppler S Wave (S’) velocity | PW tissue Doppler S wave measurement taken at the lateral tricuspid annulus in diastole. It is important to ensure the basal RV free wall segment and the lateral tricuspid annulus are aligned with the Doppler cursor to avoid velocity underestimation |  |
Tricuspid systolic annular plane excursion (TAPSE) | Align the M-Mode cursor along the direction of the lateral tricuspid annulus. Select a fast sweep speed Measure total excursion of the tricuspid annulus |  |