A complicated trilogy: persistent left superior vena cava with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial septal defect

Abstract

A 28-year-old asymptomatic woman was referred to our clinic for evaluation of a heart murmur. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated ventricular hypertrophy with septal thickness of 26 mm, consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (Fig. 1A). The diagnosis of HCM was confirmed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and late gadolinium enhancement was observed in the anterior wall (Fig. 1B and C). The patient’s coronary sinus (CS) was dilated and, therefore, underwent contrast echocardiography with a prediagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) (Fig. 1A and D). Saline was administered through a left brachial vein, and the CS opacified first followed by the right atrium (Fig. 1E and Video 1). After saline was administered through the patient’s right arm, her right atrium opacified before the CS. She was diagnosed with PLSVC. TTE revealed a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), and Doppler echocardiography confirmed a leftto-right shunt (Fig. 1F and Video 2). Although the Qp:Qs ratio was <1.5, valvular function, right heart volume and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure were normal. She was included in a follow-up program.

PLSVC, HCM and ASD are common congenital heart diseases; however, they are rarely observed together. The risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death is increased in HCM (1). An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is the only therapy in this clinical setting. PLSVC is a vascular anomaly and can be incidentally detected during right heart invasive procedures. However, PLSVC may cause technical difficulties during cardiac device implantation (2). The presence of a dilated CS should alter the medical team to the possibility of a PLSVC. We suggest that contrast echocardiography with agitated saline injected intravenously through the left arm is an important and useful technique in the diagnosis of PLSVC. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the first in the literature of a patient with PLSVC with HCM and ASD together.